result of half wave rectifier experiment

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Lab5 - Lab report

Electronic devices and circuits (ee225), university of engineering and technology peshawar.

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Preview text, half wave and full wave rectification.

Spring 2020

CSE-206 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT LAB

Submitted by: Ayaz Mehmood

Registration No: 18PWCSE

Class Section: A

“On my honor, as student of University of Engineering and Technology, I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this academic work.”

Student Signature: ______________

Submitted to:

Engr. Abdullah Hamid

June 22, 2020

Department of Computer Systems Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

The basic objective of this lab: 1. To know the basic uses of diode. 2. To know about Half wave and full wave rectification. 3. To know about the characteristic of half wave rectifier circuit and full wave rectifier circuit. 4. To design a circuit using diode and other electronic circuit. SOFTWARE USED: We will use proteus software to design half and full wave rectification circuit and show the output and input graph using Oscilloscope. COMPONENT USED: 1. Resistor 2. Ac voltage Source. 3. Diode (PIV should be greater) 4. Wires 5. Ground 6. Oscilloscope

HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION:

A Half Wave Rectifier is a single PN junction diode connected in series to the load resistor. As you know a diode is to electric current like a one-way valve is to water, it allows electric current to flow in only one direction. This simple means the diode is operational when the diode is forward biased while it blocks the current when it is reversed biased. This property of the diode is very useful in creating simple rectifiers which are used to convert AC to DC. In Half wave rectification only the positive half cycle is obtained in output while the negative cycle is discarded.

Positive half cycle:

Here for positive half cycle the value of output voltage will be= Vm-Vd where Vm is amplitude of Input voltage and Vd is voltage drop across diode.

Negative half cycle:

Here for negative half cycle the value of output voltage will be= 0 because diode act as open circuit and no current flow in resistor so output voltage will be zero.

PCB LAYOUT:

Conclusion:.

In half wave rectification only, we get the output when the diode is forward biased, we get zero voltage at output when the diode is reversed biased it means we are throwing away the negative or blocked cycle of the waves. It means half wave is not so much effective in Ac to Dc conversion Vout=Vm-Vd. Vdc/ Average of the output voltage will be 0(Vm-Vd). Vm is input voltage amplitude and Vd is voltage drop across diode.

FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION:

The bridge rectifier: The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D2 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D3 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Direction of current is represented by a blue zig zag line Negative half cycle:

Direction of current is represented by a blue zig zag line. PROCEDURES OF PROTEUS: 1. Open Proteus ISIS Schematic Capture. 2. Select the Component Mode from the left Toolbar. 3. Click On P (Pick From Libraries) 4. Add all the required components. 5. Res for resistor alternative/vsine for Ac voltage bridge for bridge diode. 6. Place the components on the workspace. 7. Wire up the circuit as accordingly. 8. Click on the terminal mood to add ground. 9. Click on the instrument to add Oscilloscope. 10. Connect the A terminal with start and B across resistor. 11. Click on Play Button on the bottom left to start simulation. 12. Check the graph in oscilloscope for full wave rectification. 13. To Design a PCB layout Click on the PCB layout button. 14. Make a PCB for the circuit from its component.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ASSESSMENT RUBRICS LAB # 5

Half wave rectification, lab report assessment.

Criteria Excellent Average Nill

**Marks Obtained

• Objectives of Lab**

All objectives of lab are properly covered [Marks 0]

Objectives of lab are partially covered [Marks 0]

Objectives of lab are not shown [Marks 0] 2. Half Wave Rectifier

Brief introduction of half wave rectifier is properly written. Labeled circuit diagram for half wave circuit from Proteus is shown. [Marks 2]

Introduction of half wave rectifier is partially written with no labeled circuit diagram from Proteus. [Marks 1]

Introduction about half wave rectifier is missing with no circuit diagram. [Marks 0] 3. Apparatus Used

All equipment and electrical components used are shown [Marks 0]

Equipment and electrical components are partially shown and some of the components are missing [Marks 0]

Equipment and electrical components used are not shown [Marks 0] 4. Procedure All experimental steps are shown in detail and properly written. Steps must include connection of function generator and oscilloscope, Vd ,Vo, theoretical, practical and oscilloscope readings. [Marks 2]

Some of the experimental steps are missing with no details about output voltage and theoretical, practical and oscilloscope readings measurement. [Marks 1]

Experimental steps are missing [Marks 0]

5. Observations & Calculations

All experimental results are completely shown in form of oscilloscope graph and table for both circuits of half wave rectifier for theoretical, practical and oscilloscope readings. [Marks 4]

Experimental results are partially shown and some of the observations are missing. [Marks 2]

No experimental results are shown. [Marks 0]

6. Analysis Analysis and discussion about all experimental results are shown [Marks 1]

Analysis and discussion about experimental results are partially shown [Marks 0]

Analysis is not shown [Marks 0]

Total Marks Obtained:__________ Instructor Signature: ______________________

• Multiple Choice

Course : Electronic Devices and Circuits (EE225)

University : university of engineering and technology peshawar.

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Experiment to Study Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier

To Study half wave and full wave rectifier.

Objectives:

• To understand the basic concept of diodes and rectifiers.
• To study the types of rectifiers.
• Perform the experiment on the trainer kit
• Observe the waveforms of half wave and full wave rectifier.
• Find percentage of regulation.

Components and equipments required: Rectifiers trainer, CRO, multimeter, set of patching wires.

General Instructions: You will plan for Experiment after self study of Theory given below, before entering in the Lab.

Rectifier A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, solid-state diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.

Halfwave Rectifier The Half wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage. In the Half wave rectifier circuit shown above the transformer serves two purposes. It can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step down transformers). It provides isolation from the power line. The primary of the transformer is connected to ac supply. This induces an ac voltage across the secondary of the transformer. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the voltage across the secondary forward biases the diode. As a result a current IL flows through the load resistor, RL. The forward biased diode offers a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is very small. Thus the voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input voltage at every instant.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input voltage appears across the diode itself. Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly called half wave rectification.

The Full Wave Rectifier In the previous Power Diodes tutorial we discussed ways of reducing the ripple or voltage variations on a direct DC voltage by connecting capacitors across the load resistance. While this method may be suitable for low power applications it is unsuitable to applications which need a "steady and smooth" DC supply voltage. One method to improve on this is to use every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle. The circuit which allows us to do this is called a Full Wave Rectifier.

Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or current which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.

In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for each half of the cycle. A transformer is used whose secondary winding is split equally into two halves with a common centre tapped connection, (C). This configuration results in each diode conducting in turn when its anode terminal is positive with respect to the transformer centre point C producing an output during both half-cycles, twice that for the half wave rectifier so it is 100% efficient as shown below.

The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load resistance (RL) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load. When point A of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode D1 conducts in the forward direction as indicated by the arrows. When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point C, diode D2 conducts in the forward direction and the current flowing through resistor R is in the same direction for both half-cycles. As the output voltage across the resistor R is the phasor sum of the two waveforms combined, this type of full wave rectifier circuit is also known as a "bi-phase" circuit.

As the spaces between each half-wave developed by each diode is now being filled in by the other diode the average DC output voltage across the load resistor is now double that of the single half-wave rectifier circuit and is about 0.637Vmax of the peak voltage, assuming no losses.

Where: VMAX is the maximum peak value in one half of the secondary winding and VRMS is the rms value. The peak voltage of the output waveform is the same as before for the half-wave rectifier provided each half of the transformer windings have the same rms voltage value. To obtain a different DC voltage output different transformer ratios can be used. The main disadvantage of this type of full wave rectifier circuit is that a larger transformer for a given power output is required with two separate but identical secondary windings making this type of full wave rectifying circuit costly compared to the "Full Wave Bridge Rectifier" circuit equivalent.

The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier circuit above, is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.

The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below.

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch "OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across the load is also unidirectional the same as for the previous two diode full-wave rectifier, therefore the average DC voltage across the load is 0.637Vmax. However in reality, during each half cycle the current flows through two diodes instead of just one so the amplitude of the output voltage is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input VMAX amplitude. The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply)

Typical Bridge Rectifier Although we can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave bridge rectifier, pre-made bridge rectifier components are available "off-the-shelf" in a range of different voltage and current sizes that can be soldered directly into a PCB circuit board or be connected by spade connectors. The image to the right shows a typical single phase bridge rectifier with one corner cut off. This cut-off corner indicates that the terminal nearest to the corner is the positive or +ve output terminal or lead with the opposite (diagonal) lead being the negative or -ve output lead. The other two connecting leads are for the input alternating voltage from a transformer secondary winding.

Procedure:-

• Make the connections as shown in figure.
• Give input ac supply.
• Observe output waveform across load.

Do and Don’ts to be strictly observed during experiment:

Do (also go through the General Instructions):

• Before making the connection, identify the components leads, terminal or pins before making the connections.
• Before connecting the power supply to the circuit, measure voltage by voltmeter/multimeter.
• Use sufficiently long connecting wires, rather than joining two or three small ones.
• The circuit should be switched off before changing any connection.
• Avoid loose connections and short circuits on the bread board.
• Do not exceed the voltage while taking the readings.
• Any live terminal shouldn't be touched while supply is on.

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Friday, 29 April 2016

Experiment 4: study of half wave and full wave rectifier.

•  Take the supply of 5V rms sinusoidal wave from the secondary of the transformer in the CDS with a frequency of 50Hz. Put the DSO probes at input and sketch the input waveform obtained.
• Construct the circuit as shown.
• Put the oscilloscope probes across the resistor and sketch the output waveform obtained. Measure and record the DC level of the output voltage .
• Now connect the capacitor across the resistor and measure the filtered output voltage.
• Also measure the Ripple Voltage

12 comments:

It's really help full sir..

its good though

VERY helpful. a summarised report

It's discouraging! What is this????

ITS A NICE WORK BY ADITYA PRASAD . SO HELPFUL TO ME , THANKS

I also want answers of this table? Where can I get it

Wow I was almost stranded on how to make report on this. Thanks alot for this, very helpful.

thanks sir very helpful.

Where is the experiment done with capacitor fiter??

its Very Help full Post Thanks Sir

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