presentation application and database layer in sap

Sap R/3 Architecture Tutorial

What is SAP R/3?

SAP R/3 is a 3 tier architecture consisting of 3 layers

• Presentation
• Application

In simple words, it’s a client server architecture.

• R signifies Real-time system
• 3 represents – 3-tier architecture.

User’s PC:- Users can access SAP system in two ways:-

• Through SAP GUI
• Through Web browser

It’s called front-end. Only the front-end is installed in the user’s PC not the application/database servers.

Front-end takes the user’s requests to database server and application servers.

Application Servers: – Application server is built to process business-logic. This workload is distributed among multiple application servers. With multiple application servers, the user can get the output more quickly.

Application server exists at a remote a location as compared to the location of the user PC.

Database Server: – Database server stores and retrieves data as per SQL queries generated by ABAP and Java applications.

Database and Application may exist on the same or different physical location.

Understanding different SAP layers

Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer contains the software components that make up the SAPgui (graphical user interface). This layer is the interface between the R/3 System and its users. The R/3 System uses the SAPgui to provide an intuitive graphical user interface for entering and displaying data.

The presentation layer sends the user’s input to the application server, and receives data for display from it. While a SAPgui component is running, it remains linked to a user’s terminal session in the R/3 System.

Application Layer

The Application Layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3 System. Theoretically, you only need one application server to run an R/3 System. In practice, the services are distributed across more than one application server. The message server is responsible for communication between the application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It also contains information about application server groups and the current load balancing within them. It uses this information to assign an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system.

Database Layer:

The Database Layer consists of a central database system containing all of the data in the R/3 System. The database system has two components – the database management system (DBMS), and the database itself. SAP has manufactured its own database named Hana but is compatible with all major databases such as Oracle. All R/3 data is stored in the database. For example, the database contains the control and customizing data that determine how your R/3 System runs. It also contains the program code for your applications. Applications consist of program code, screen definitions, menus, function modules, and various other components. These are stored in a special section of the database called the R/3 Repository, and are accordingly called repository objects. R/3 repository, objects are used in ABAP workbench.

Understanding the components of SAP R/3 3-tier Architecture

• Message Server: It handles communication between distributed Dispatchers in ABAP system .
• Dispatcher Queue: Various work process types are stored in this queue.
• Dispatcher: It distributes requests to the work processes.
• Gateway: It enables communication between SAP system and between SAP system and external systems .

• Memory-pipes: It enables communication between ICM and ABAP work processes.
• Message Server: It handles java dispatchers and server processes. It enables communication within java runtime environment.
• Enqueue Server: It handles logical locks that are set by the executed Java application program in a server process.
• Central Services: Java cluster requires a special instance of the central services for managing locks and transmitting messages and data. Java cluster is a set of processes that work together to build the reliable system. Instance is group of resources such as memory, work processes and so on.
• Java Dispatcher: It receives the client requests and forwards to the server process .
• SDM: Software Deployment Manager is used to install J2EE components.
• Java Server Processes: It can processes a large number of requests simultaneously.
• Threading: Multiple Processes executes separately in the background, this concept is called threading.
• ICM: It enables communication between SAP system and HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP protocol. It means by entering system URL in the browser you can access SAP from browser also.

One more component is JCO. JCO is used to handle communication between java dispatcher and ABAP dispatcher when system is configured as ABAP+Java.

How the SAP Logon Process works?

Step 1) Once a user clicks on the SAP system from GUI, the user request is forwarded to Dispatcher.

Step 2) Request is stored in Request queues first. Dispatcher follows First in First out rule. It will find free work process and if available will be assigned.

Step 3) As per user request, particular work process is assigned to user. For example, when user login to the system then Dialog work process is assigned to the user. If user runs a report in background then background work process is assigned to the user. When some modifications are done at database level then update workprocess is assigned. So as per user’s action workprocess is assigned.

Step 4) Once user is assigned the dialog workprocess then user authorizations, user’s current setting are rolled in to work-process in shared memory to access user’s data. Once dialog step is executed then user’s data is rolled out from workprocess. Thus shared memory will be cleaned and other user’s data can be saved in shared memory area. Dialog step means the screen movements. In a transaction, when a users jumps from one screen to other the process is called a dialog step.

Step 5) First work process will find the data in the buffer. If it finds data in buffer then there is no need to retrieve data from database. Thus response time is improved and this process is called hit. If it does not find the data in buffer then it will find the data in database and this process is called miss. Hit ratio should be always higher than miss ratio. It improves the performance of system .

Step 6) Other requested data is queried from the database and once the process is complete, the result is sent back to GUI via dispatcher.

Step 7) At the end user’s data is removed from shared memory so the memory will be available to other users. This process is called roll-out.

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SAP R/3 Architecture

• Introduction to SAP R/3 Architecture

SAP R/3 (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing) is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software system developed by the German company SAP SE. It plays a vital role in managing business processes and resources efficiently. The architecture of SAP R/3 is designed to provide a structured framework for organizations to manage their data, applications, and user interfaces. In this article, we will explore the definition and various components of SAP R/3 architecture.

Table of Content

Definition of SAP R/3 Architecture

Sap r3 meaning, layers of sap r/3 architecture, why r/3 architecture, componenets of sap r/3 architecture:, sap r/3 architecture work processes, what is the presentation layer in sap r/3 architecture, what is the application layer in sap r/3 architecture, what is the database layer in sap r/3 architecture.

SAP R/3 architecture is a multi-tiered structure that comprises three main layers: the Presentation Layer, the Application Layer, and the Database Layer. This architectural model enables organizations to integrate and streamline their business processes and data management effectively. with SAP R/3, we are moving our resources from mainframe computing to the three-tier architecture of the presentation, Application, and database layer.

SAP R3, often referred to as SAP R/3, SAP stands for Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing , and R stands for Real-Time Data Processing . The "3" in R/3 represents the three-tier architecture , consisting of the Presentation Layer, Application Layer, and Database Layer, which collectively form the foundation of SAP R/3 systems.

• The Presentation Layer: The Presentation Layer is the topmost tier in the SAP R/3 architecture and is responsible for providing user interfaces for interacting with the system. It serves as the gateway for users to access and interact with SAP applications.Users interact with the system through graphical user interfaces (GUI) or web interfaces. These interfaces make it easy for users to input data, view reports, and navigate the system. The Presentation Layer ensures a user-friendly experience, offering features like drag-and-drop functionality and real-time data display.
• The Application Layer: The Application Layer is the middle tier of the SAP R/3 architecture. It houses the business logic and application programs that execute various business processes. This layer is responsible for processing user requests, performing data validation, and executing application logic. It ensures that business processes run smoothly and efficiently.Application servers handle the communication between the Presentation Layer and the Database Layer. This separation of layers improves system performance and scalability.
• The Database Layer: The Database Layer is the lowest tier in the SAP R/3 architecture and is responsible for storing and managing data. It stores all the business data, configuration settings, and user information.Databases like SAP HANA, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL Server are commonly used in the Database Layer. They are designed to handle large volumes of data efficiently and ensure data integrity.The Application Layer interacts with the Database Layer to retrieve, update, and manage data as needed to support business operations.

SAP R/3 architecture offers several advantages, some of them are mentioned below:

• Scalability: The multi-tiered architecture allows organizations to scale individual layers independently, providing flexibility and accommodating growing business needs.
• Performance: T he separation of layers optimizes system performance, as the workload is distributed among Presentation, Application, and Database Layers.
• Reliability : The architecture's modularity ensures that a failure in one layer does not necessarily affect the others, improving system reliability.
• Security: Security measures can be implemented at each layer, enhancing data protection and system access control.
• Customization : Organizations can tailor the SAP R/3 system to their specific business requirements, thanks to the flexibility of the architecture.
• Message server: It is responsible for managing the conversation between different dispatchers in SAP System.
• Gateway: It is responsible for communication between SAP systems and different external systems.
• Dispatcher : It distributes the request to the different work processes.
• Dispatcher Queue : Various work process types are stored in this queue.

Within the Application Layer, SAP R/3 architecture employs the concept of work processes. Work processes are responsible for executing tasks such as dialog processing, background processing, and update processing. This modular approach allows for efficient multitasking and improved system performance.

The Presentation Layer, often referred to as the front-end layer, is a crucial component of SAP R/3 architecture. It serves as the interface through which users interact with the SAP system. Here, we will explore the Presentation Layer in more detail.

The Purpose of the Presentation Layer in SAP R/3:

• User Interaction : The primary purpose of the Presentation Layer is to provide a user-friendly interface for interacting with SAP applications. This layer acts as the bridge between the user and the underlying SAP system, offering graphical user interfaces (GUI) or web-based interfaces.
• Data Input and Display: Users use the Presentation Layer to input data, view reports, and perform various tasks within the SAP system. It offers a familiar environment for users to enter data, navigate the system, and retrieve information.
• Real-time Feedback: The Presentation Layer is responsible for displaying real-time data to users. Whether it's monitoring production processes, sales figures, or inventory levels, users can access up-to-date information through this layer.
• Customization: Users can often customize their interface to suit their specific needs and preferences. This personalization can include layout changes, favorite transactions, and user-specific settings.

The Application Layer is a central and critical component of SAP R/3 architecture. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless execution of business processes and the overall functionality of the ERP system. Below, we will delve into the purposes and functions of the Application Layer in SAP R/3 architecture.

Purposes of the Application Layer:

• Business Logic Execution: The primary purpose of the Application Layer is to execute the business logic that drives the organization's operations. This layer houses the application programs responsible for various business processes, from order processing to financial accounting.
• Data Processing and Validation: It manages data processing by validating and processing user requests and transactions. This includes checking data for accuracy, consistency, and integrity to ensure the reliability of business operations.
• User Interaction Handling : The Application Layer is responsible for handling user interactions, such as transaction execution and data retrieval. It processes user requests and ensures that the appropriate data is fetched from the Database Layer for presentation to the user.
• Scalability and Performance Optimization: The Application Layer contributes to system scalability and performance optimization. By distributing the workload across multiple application servers, it ensures that the system can handle a large number of concurrent users and complex business processes efficiently.

The data are stored in the database layer. Every relational database is supported by SAP . No database is provided by SAP. But it works with all RDBMS. One system or computer must have the database layer installed. Oracle and DB2 are the two main databases utilized in SAP deployments.The Database Layer is the lowest tier in the SAP R/3 architecture and is responsible for storing and managing data. It stores all the business data, configuration settings, and user information.Databases like SAP HANA, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL Server are commonly used in the Database Layer. They are designed to handle large volumes of data efficiently and ensure data integrity.The Application Layer interacts with the Database Layer to retrieve, update, and manage data as needed to support business operations.

In conclusion, the Application Layer of SAP R/3 architecture is the heart of the system, where business logic is executed, data is processed, and user interactions are managed. Its purposes and functions are essential for efficient business operations, data management, and system performance. By separating these functions into a dedicated layer, SAP R/3 architecture provides flexibility, scalability, and reliability to organizations seeking to streamline their business processes.

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SAP Architecture – Detailed Explanation

What is sap, sap 3 tier architecture: different sap layers, 1. presentation layer, 2. application layer, 3. database layer, sap architecture components, how does the sap process work, additional resources.

SAP architecture is a set of principles, patterns and best practices that outline the architecture of an organization’s SAP environment. By using it, organizations can build a more secure and reliable platform for running business processes across their organization. SAP is a software-as-a-service solution, which means it’s cloud-based. This has implications for your SAP architecture. Your users will be accessing SAP via a web browser; they won’t be installing software on their desktops and laptops like they would with desktop applications.

That means you need to think about your SAP architecture beyond the technical components necessary to run SAP itself. You need to think about how to structure your system so that it is easily managed, supported and updated over time while remaining secure and reliable at the same time. This article covers everything you need to know about SAP architecture

SAP is a global leader in providing software solutions that enable organizations to process data efficiently and communicate information effectively. SAP was founded in 1972 and has grown from a small, five-person program development firm to a multinational corporation with more than 105,000 employees worldwide since then. Walldorf, Germany is SAP’s headquarters, where it’s run by more than 100,000 employees worldwide.

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SAP stands for “ Systems Application Program .” The SAP acronym is a widely used shorthand term for software, computer programs, and applications that all fall under the umbrella of SAP systems.

Some examples of applications that fall under the SAP acronym are accounting software, inventory management software, database management software and web application software. To be more specific, SAP is a business-to-business (B2B) application development platform which allows organizations to manage and optimize their business processes in order to increase productivity and profitability. By providing organizations with real-time access to critical information from multiple sources, such as financial data, inventory records and customer profiles, SAP systems enable them to effectively manage their operations. By streamlining business processes and reducing operational costs, SAP systems can help companies achieve greater growth and profitability.

The SAP System Architecture includes Presentation, Application, and Database layers. Each of these programmes operates on its own. In contrast, MiniSAP has all the components in one machine. We may distribute the whole system across diverse machines or it may also be on one machine like ours. The database and the application server can be on the same machine if we want to get an idea of the SAP system architecture in greater depth. In addition to these application servers, other applications are run on separate machines. To better grasp the SAP architecture, let’s look at these three elements in more detail.

The SAP System Architecture consists of the Presentation, Application, and Database layers.

• The presentation layer is responsible for the user experience and for making sure that the SAP system is responsive and easy to interact with.
• The presentation layer does not have any knowledge of the underlying data stored in the data layer.
• The data layer holds all the data that is being stored in the SAP system. The data layer is the realm where all the business rules and processes take place.
• The data layer exists between the presentation layer and the application server.
• When you connect to the application server and start to do work, the application server, which is the realm where all the logic happens, knows nothing about the data layer.
• This layer of the architecture is responsible for receiving and parsing data before it can be used by any part of the organization.
• This layer is also responsible for providing data within the correct format for each application.
• The last responsibility of the application layer is to ensure that the data is secure before it is sent to the next layer.
• This layer of architecture is a critical component to the success of your digital transformation. The work process must be carried out by a user who is registered in the system. For this reason, we define the work process as a user of the system. The work process will register itself in the database, and when it is required to create a new record in the system, this is done by the work process. The work process can be created by the system administrator through the SAP system. In the case of the SAP system, this can be done by setting the role of the user to a specific value. What happens when you do this is that the SAP system will create a new user in the database system. This user will register itself in the database, and when the system needs to create a new record, the user can do this. The user will create the work process, and when the system requires the work process to create a new record, the user will create the process.
• The system architecture is what defines how your SAP system is set up.
• If you were setting up a new company, you would choose a system architecture based on the type of business you want to start.
• For example, a manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters would be best served by a system architecture that focuses on production and inventory. A hotel would do best with a system architecture that focuses on customer relations. Once you have chosen the setting for your new company, you need to choose the SAP system architecture. The application and database layers receive information about actions performed on the presentation layer and then query the results. As a result, you can see the results of processing on the presentation layer.

The SAP R/3 3-tier Architecture is a popular application server topology for developing large-scale enterprise applications. With the increased use of web-based technologies and the ever-increasing importance of user experience, application servers are being replaced by web-based applications. However, there are certain situations where the usage of web-based applications is not possible, due to the size of the system, regulatory compliance, or other business reasons. In such cases, the usage of 3-tier application servers is unavoidable. The most common application server topology is the SAP R/3 3-tier Architecture.

• The role of the Message Server is to handle communication between ABAP Dispatchers that are distributed across the system.
• In this Dispatcher queue, process work of several different types is stored.
• Work processes are allocated by the dispatcher.
• Gateway provides access between SAP systems and external systems.
• Each R/3 dialog step is separately executed by ABAP-Work processes.

The following describes the types of work processes:

• An ICM work process can communicate with an ABAP work process via a memory pipe.
• The Java dispatcher and server processes are handled by the Message Server. Within the Java runtime environment, the Message Server enables communication.
• A server process is configured by a Java application program to handle logical locks. The queue server handles them.
• The central services are used to manage locks and transmit messages and data when working in a Java cluster. Java clusters are sets of cooperating processes that create a dependable system. A group of resources, such as memory, work processes, and so on, is known as an instance.
• The Dispatcher handles the incoming client requests and dispatches them to the correct server process.
• To install J2EE components using SDM, you must first download and install Software Deployment Manager.
• A high quantity of requests can be handled by a Java Server Process.
• Threading refers to the method of processing multiple items at once in the background.
• SAP can be accessed from a browser by entering the system’s URL. Because of this, ICM can also be used for communication.

When using the ABAP and Java systems, we use another component called a JCO to handle communication with the ABAP dispatchers. ABP+Java uses Java dispatchers to handle communication.

• The SAP Logon process is the first step of the SAP authorization process. This is a simple process which involves entering the identification number that you were assigned when you created an account with SAP.
• After this, you will be asked to provide your SAP password.
• After you successfully enter your SAP password, you will be sent a confirmation message confirming your successful logon. From here, you will be able to access the main menu of SAP.

Although the process may seem simple at first glance, it can sometimes be challenging to perform correctly. Therefore, it is recommended that users practice logging in before conducting business-critical activities such as signing contracts or performing transactions.

• The Dispatcher listens to user actions such as clicks on links or forms and forwards them to corresponding actions. When the action receives the request, it handles the request and returns the response to the Dispatcher. The Dispatcher forwards the response to the system.
• Once a process is assigned, the dispatcher will check if the resource is available in the Service Request Pool. If it is not, the dispatcher will go ahead and start the process and assign another work process when the work process is available. If the resource is available in the Service Request Pool, the dispatcher will find another process and assign that one and so on.
• The work process is responsible for putting work into the system and delegating it to other processes. Processes can be divided into two categories depending on their priority. These are critical processes which need to be executed immediately. These processes are called high priority. Critical processes and other high-priority processes can be assigned to users. Thus, depending upon user request work process is assigned.
• In the process of work, if a user does some changes in the process and the process is not completed, then the User will get an alert message. In the case of the dialogue step, when a user authorizes the work process, then shared memory will be checked. If any other user’s data is present in shared memory then the process will be stopped and an alert will be displayed.
• Another work process is reading. If there is no data in the buffer then data has to be retrieved from the database to get a response. And this process is called reading. If there is data in the buffer then it has to be removed. And this process is called kill. This process increases the performance of the system. It is very important to keep these work processes in mind while designing your application.
• A dispatcher is a class that receives requests from the GUI and sends the requests to the server. The server receives the request and executes the query and returns the result to the dispatcher which then updates the GUI. A dispatcher can be registered at the startup of the application and it can be unregistered at any time to stop the dispatching. By using this approach, the data is synchronized between the server and the GUI.
• If the shared data is not being used by any other user, it will eventually be evicted from shared memory and the system will have less memory to service other workloads. It is important to monitor data in shared memory for signs of stagnation, because once data is in shared memory it cannot be purged.

SAP architecture is the overall structure of an organization’s IT systems. It describes how these systems are put together, what roles they play, and how they relate to one another. One key goal of SAP architecture is to create a stable foundation that can support future growth. Following the right design patterns can help ensure this. One important aspect of SAP architecture is componentization. Each component should do one thing well, and it should be easy to replace or upgrade if necessary. Ideally, each component should also have a clear interface so that other components can easily interact with it.

When designing an SAP architecture, focus on creating a cohesive whole that works together as a cohesive whole. Another key goal of SAP architecture is to ensure that it scales with the business. As the business grows, so does the need for effective IT solutions. Scaling up or down as needed should be part of the plan from the beginning.

Finally, remember that SAP architecture is more than just technology. It’s about ensuring that all aspects of IT are working together in harmony to deliver maximum value for customers and shareholders alike.

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Understanding the Key Components of the SAP Architecture

Home > Insights > Understanding the Key Components of the SAP Architecture

SAP has established itself as a leading provider of enterprise software solutions, empowering organizations to streamline processes, enhance productivity, and gain invaluable insights for strategic decision-making.

SAP Architecture offers a robust framework designed to support enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, consisting of multiple layers, including the presentation, application, and database layers. This architecture enables seamless integration, scalability, and real-time data processing, facilitating efficient business operations and decision-making.

This article will discuss all the components and capabilities of SAP system architecture and where our team of SAP consultants can come in to help manage work processes and optimize your overall investment. Read on to learn more!

What is SAP Architecture?

SAP Architecture refers to the set of principles, trends, patterns, and best practices that comprise and outline the internal architecture of a company’s SAP landscape. As a software-as-a-service solution, SAP runs in the cloud, which makes it easier for users to access their company’s database system.

With a well-defined SAP Architecture, companies can build a more reliable foundation for their core server processes and leverage an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) to run and manage more efficient business processes across the entire organization.

Core SAP System Strategy

• SAP Business Suite: Includes comprehensive SAP ERP system and CRM, SCM, SRM, and PLM applications, offers a complete functional set of undefined processes, and is deployed on-premise
• SAP Business by Design: Includes a functional set of predefined processes and is hosted on defined client-server architecture
• SAP All-in-One: Includes the same software as the SAP Business Suite, offers predefined standard processes, and is deployed in on-premise architecture
• SAP Business One: Includes different software that offers only the most basic functions, targets small businesses and is deployed in a hosted environment

How Does the SAP Process Work?

The SAP Logon process is the first step of the SAP authorization process, which involves entering the assigned SAP identification number, providing a password, and confirming access through a personalized confirmation message.

Once a user receives a confirmation message, they can access the main menu in their SAP system and navigate through different business-critical activities, like performing transactions or signing contracts.

These activities can be divided into two different categories that determine their level of priority:

• Critical work process: High-priority processes that need to be executed immediately and can be assigned to specific users depending on user requests and availability.
• Reading work process: A work process that involves “reading” the data or retrieving data from the database to get a response when there is no data in the buffer.
• Kill work process: A work process that involves removing existing data in the buffer to increase the performance of the technical architecture.

What is 3 Tier Architecture in SAP?

SAP’s three-tier architecture provides a stronger foundation for data management and communication across teams and a more intuitive space for users to complete tasks. Here are the three layers of the SAP Architecture, each operating on its own with pre-built connections to the other layers.

1) Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for providing the graphical interface for users and configuring the system to ensure users can access the data they need to complete tasks and promote a stronger user experience. With this layer, users enter data on the screen, and the system will process and show the data to the user, facilitating more efficient data exchange processes across their SAP landscape.

This layer does not have any knowledge of the underlying data stores in the database layer and exists to help users easily access data from SAP systems and external systems.

2) Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for receiving and parsing other user’s data before it can be used across any part of the organization, providing data in the correct format to the right SAP application, and ensuring the data is secure before sending it to the next layer of the architecture.

This layer of the architecture is a critical component, simplifying the creation and management of work processes across the entire SAP environment. It enables users to create and leverage their own work processes, automatically generate records for the process, and ensure they have access to the data they need within their specific area of the database or SAP architecture as a whole.

3) Database Layer

The database layer is responsible for managing and storing all the data across a company’s SAP environment, making it easier for users to keep business rules, processes, and data in the same place for improved process efficiency across teams. This layer exists between the application server layer and the presentation layer.

With this layer, users are able to build a more solid foundation for their data management processes and facilitate more efficient data storage and processing functions across the SAP landscape.

Understanding the Design of SAP NetWeaver Application Server

The SAP NetWeaver Application Server acts as the central foundation for the entire SAP software stack, providing robust technical components and fully supported applications. Let’s take a closer look at the core components of the SAP NetWeaver architecture:

The Application Server Java (AS JAVA) provides a Java EE 1.6-compliant environment that allows users to develop, deploy, and run Java EE programs more efficiently across teams. The Java runtime environment is designed and optimized to run business-critical applications, including the simplification of server process infrastructure and central cache and session management. The AS Java architecture is comprised of:

• A S Java Cluster Architecture: Involves the building units of each application server, including all the components that allow user requests to be processed accurately and efficiently.
• SAP JVM: Involves the implementation of the Java Virtual Machine, the runtime platform of AS Java.
• AS Java System Architecture: Involves the logical layers of the AS Java system components and the relationships between them.
• Zero Administration: Involves a dynamic configuration environment that simplifies technical configuration tasks within AS Java.

The Application Server ABAP (AS ABAP) provides the technology configurations and infrastructure needed to run ABAP applications. It includes the message server that represents the application layer of SAP’s multi-tier architecture, making it easier to execute ABAP applications and communicate with other components across the landscape. AS ABAP is made up of a few core components, including:

• Work processes: Facilitates the execution of ABAP work processes and applications and links each application to a memory area that contains the context of each one.
• Gateway: Acts as the interface for communication protocols of the SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP system and initiates communication between other ABAP application servers, SAP systems, and non-SAP systems.
• Dispatcher queue: Provides a link between work processes and the users logged in to the ABAP application server, receives requests for dialog steps from SAP GUI, and directs screen output to the appropriate users.
• Shared memory: Offers a common main memory area to save concepts for work processes or buffer data in the local environment.

SAP NetWeaver can act as both a web server and a web client, making it easier for customers to send, manage, and process HTTP requests across their entire SAP landscape.

As a web server, SAP NetWeaver can accept HTTP requests from any web client, process each request, and send a response to the client. As a web client, it allows users to create HTTP requests in an application program, send requests to a web server, and send responses to clients to proceed as advised.

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SAP : Three-Tier Architecture

With SAP R/3, SAP ushers in a new generation of enterprise software — from mainframe computing (client-server architecture) to the three-tier architecture of database, application, and user interface.

Three-Tier Architecture of SAP R/3

Presentation Servers

Presentation servers contain systems capable of providing a graphical interface.

• Presentation Layer is also known as client Layer
• Presentation Layer is a user interaction
• In SAP-User interaction purpose we use GUI
• GUI stands for Graphical user interface
• Example − Desktop, Mobile Devices, laptops

Application Servers

Application servers include specialized systems with multiple CPUs and a vast amount of RAM.

Application Layer is also known as Kernel Layer and Basic Layer.

SAP application programs are executed in Application Layer.

Application Layer serves as a purpose of a communicator between Presentation and Database Layer.

Application server is where the dispatcher distributes the work load to the different work processes makes the job done.

Database Servers

Database servers contain specialized systems with fast and large hard-drives.

• Database layer stores the data
• Data store can be Business data, SAP system data, SAP tables, Programs.
• Examples − Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB/2, Siebel, Sybase, etc.

Three-Tier Architecture

What is a Client?

A client is a logical portion of an SAP R/3 physical database. From a business standpoint, a client can be interpreted as a logical group of companies.

Points to Remember −

All customizing (configuration) and development (ABAP) work in SAP R/3 is performed in a client.

However, the data from both customizing and development work may be stored within an individual client (client dependent data) or among all clients (client independent data) in the system.

Client-Dependent vs. Client-Independent

The data in each client may be separate from that of the other clients. There are basically two types of data in an SAP R/3 system − Client-dependent and Client-independent data.

Client-dependent data is defined as data specific to an individual client. Examples of client-dependent data include number ranges, ABAP variants, and user masters as well as the data that is created or updated through SAP R/3 transactions.

Client-independent data can be defined as data contained across all clients in the system. Examples of client-independent data include data dictionary objects (tables, views), ABAP source code, screens, and menus.

Data resides in tables. To determine if a particular table is client-dependent or client-independent, the table structure needs to be reviewed. The table structure can be viewed by the data dictionary (SE11). If MANDT (client in German) is the first key field of the table, then the table is client-dependent; otherwise, the table is client-independent.

For example, the TSTC table is client-independent; however, the USR01 table is client-dependent.

SAP R/3 Delivered Clients

Every SAP R/3 system contains the three clients 000, 001, and 066. Let’s review these clients and examine what they contain.

These clients provide different features and must not be deleted.

Client 000 performs special functions. In particular, it is given extended functionality during upgrades.

Client 001 is basically a copy of 000 and can be used as a basis for a new customizing client.

Client 066 is a special client which is provided for operational system monitoring. It is used by SAP R/3’s Early Watch Service to provide performance recommendations.

In releases prior to 3.0, client 000 contained a model company. As of Release 4.0 clients, 000 and 001 are identical. Client 000 no longer contains a model company. Either client can be used as the basis for configuration through a client copy. Typically, most projects start with a copy of client 000 to begin building configuration. Customer work should never take place in the three delivered clients.

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Mastering SAP R3 Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)’s core architecture, SAP R/3, has completely changed how businesses run their internal operations. In this comprehensive course, we will examine the components, layers, and benefits of SAP R/3 architecture to fully comprehend how its modular structure and multi-tier architecture enable smooth integration across functional domains..This article goes into SAP architecture’s complexities, providing a full description of its components, concepts, and functionality.

Table of Contents

Introduction of SAP R/3 Architecture

SAP R3 architecture is widely used enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that helps businesses organize and automate their business processes. The structure, designed to provide flexibility and capacity to businesses of all sizes, is a major and critical feature of SAP R/3 .SAP R/3 architecture is based on a three-tiered client-server model that includes an interface layer, an application layer, and an application layer.

Definition of SAP R/3 Architecture

R3 means real-time. SAP R/3 software facilitates and connects all transactions of an organization with real-time integration. For example, any change or upgrade in one application requires the data in the other applications concerned to be automatically modified or updated.

SAP R3 means

SAP R-3 is an acronym that stands for System, Applications, and Products in Data Processing Release 3. SAP’s third-generation enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is referred to. SAP R/3, which was released in the early 1990s, swiftly established itself as one of the world’s leading systems.

The letter “R” in SAP R3 stands for real-time, indicating the system’s capacity to process and send data fast in order to make informed business decisions based on current information. Furthermore, “3” marks the third major release of this program, following prior versions R/1 and R/2.

SAP R/3 Architecture: Explained

SAP R/3 Architecture facilitates all business transactions of an organization and connects them together using real-time integration. Real-time integration ensures that any change or upgrade in one application causes the data to be modified or updated automatically in the other applications involved.

We know that SAP R/3 architecture, particularly the client-server software, This ensures that the groups and layers that make up the R/3 system are built to operate concurrently through various computer systems. When a company installs SAP software, each part (or “layer” in the case of R/3) is stored, controlled, and processed via the hardware of separate and specialized computer systems.

Each layer is capable of calling on all of the other layers to complete the job . The components or layers that request services are called “clients,” and the components or layers that deliver services are called “servers.” This is the term-“ client/serve r.

The three Conceptual Layers of this R/3 Architecture are The classic configuration of the R/3 Framework includes the following layers of software:

Components of SAP Architecture

The presentation layer.

It receives input from the user and generates a method request. The Presentation Layer is an interface for the user, and various different graphical user interfaces (GUIs) can be used. SAP GUI is SAP’s own user interface program (over 20 languages).

Usually, the presentation or GUI layer collects keyboard or mouse data from the user and sends the data to the application layer to process requests for further processing. When the layer receives output from the application layer, it reformats the data and displays text and graphical data on the user’s PC screen.

The Application Layer

It uses the Software Logic Application to receive and process a request for a process. The application layer consists of the core components of R/3. Most R/3 business logic processing takes place in the application server layer. This is where the dispatcher controls the job procedures. Application servers provide the complete logic of R/3 applications for business processes. The number of application servers may be linked to a network and spread geographically.

The Database Layer

stores and recovers all data. The database layer handles both the application elements of the R/3 Framework and the operational data of the enterprise. Applications are downloaded from the database as needed, loaded into the application layer, and run from there.

The database layer includes an engine whose sole function is to store and retrieve data on behalf of the application layer. SAP R/3 uses the industry-standard database access language SQL (pronounced “SEE”-“QUEL”-Structured Query Language) as an interface for accessing its supporting database

How does the SAP process work?

SAP R/3, a system designed for user convenience, allows users to handle their requests through the Presentation Layer, which offers a graphical or web-based interface. Users have the power to initiate requests by entering data, such as creating purchase orders or querying inventory levels. The application Layer diligently processes the user’s input, performs necessary calculations, and validates the data. All relevant data is securely stored in the Database Layer, and when required, the Application Layer promptly queries the database to retrieve it. The real-time operation of SAP R/3 ensures the availability of up-to-date information, such as inventory levels and financial records, giving users a sense of control and empowerment. 

The SAP System Landscape

Understanding the system landscape is necessary for comprehending the intricacies of SAP architecture. It is typically made up of numerous systems, such as:

• Development System is where new programs and settings are built and tested.
• Quality Assurance System (QAS) is a system for rigorous testing and quality control.
• Production : The production environment in which actual firm processes take place is referred to as the production system.

Why R/3 architecture?

R/3 architecture primarily aims at providing a range of tightly coupled, large-scale business applications. For any R/3 method, the normal set of applications is as follows:

• Production Planning
• Materials Management
• Sales and Distribution
• Financial Accounting
• Controlling, Etc

SAP R/3 Competitive Factors outlined below

SAP R/3 Architecture Work Processes

SAP R/3 processes are used to efficiently handle operating system resource demands for the software application. The method is very closely associated with the software application. Memory and access to system resources are available for any operation. The kind of work that is carried out in the application server determines the on-request

SAP’s proprietary control agent, the SAP DISPATCHER, is in the middle of the R/3 basis kernel. The dispatching device handles the R/3 applications’ services and the respective operating system to control its process operations. The exact number of processes depends on the configuration and varies. The dispatcher’s primary function is to process pending applications.

Special work processes are available for:

• Dialogue Online work Process: -Interactive SAPGUI screen processing request
• Update work process updating of the database
• Background Work Process: Background processing such as Batch jobs
• Spool work process: spooling and printing process
• Enqueue work, process-lock management

Principles of SAP R/3 Architecture

SAP architecture is based on a set of fundamental principles that assure its efficacy and long-term viability.

Scalability

SAP solutions are built to scale and adapt to the changing needs of your organization. This ensures that your SAP system can scale with your company.

High Availability

The current degree of commercial activity downtime is untenable. SAP architecture includes redundancy and failover solutions to achieve high availability while minimizing downtime.

Integrity of Data

Precision in data is critical. SAP’s architecture safeguards data integrity using techniques such as data clustering and mirroring.

SAP is very concerned about security . User authentication, authorization, and data encryption protect your critical business information.

In our effort to provide the most in-depth knowledge about SAP architecture, we hope that this tutorial has exceeded your expectations. Every organization that employs SAP systems must understand the complexities and principles of SAP architecture.

This guide explains SAP R/3’s three-tier architecture, focusing on its presentation, application, and database layers. The presentation layer provides user interfaces, the application layer executes business logic, and the database layer stores data. SAP R/3 is more than an ERP system ; it’s a powerful tool for efficient data management, transforming organizations and unlocking business potential.

Happy learning ! Now follow these tutorial links to learn more about 

What Is SAP R/3 architecture?

SAP R/3 architecture refers to a three-tier client/server framework that its ERP system uses for information processing. It comprises three layers—presentation, application, and database—in its composition.

What Is The Presentation Layer In SAP R/3 Architecture?

In SAP R/3 architecture, the presentation layer displays data and provides user interface features. Also referred to as the front-end layer, users interact directly with this component.

What are the purposes and functions of SAP R/3 architecture’s application layer?

In SAP R/3 architecture, the application layer serves two primary roles – processing business logic and carrying out transactions – and acting as the middle layer in which application servers reside.

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Defining the Application Layer

Application layer, introduction.

In the last unit, you learned about the system architecture that supports SAP S/4HANA and how we define an SAP system. Understanding the function and capabilities of each layer in SAP's three-tier client/server architecture is critical for every SAP Basis Administrator.

In this lesson, you will explore the application layer in more detail to understand the functions and capabilities provided by the SAP ABAP Platform.

The SAP application is deployed on SAP ABAP Platform. The SAP application layer is where the various SAP modules such as finance, sales, and supply chain management are located. It is the layer of an SAP system that contains all of the SAP delivered business processes and logic required to run the software. This layer also provides capabilities such as workflow management, document management, and collaboration tools.

ABAP Platform

ABAP Platform is SAP's new technical platform. It provides the programming language and runtime environment for customizing, developing, and executing SAP business applications. At its core, is ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming), SAP's proprietary programming language designed specifically for building business applications.

ABAP Platform also provides tools and services for integrating and extending SAP applications, enabling seamless communication between different modules and external systems.

Watch the following video to learn more about the functional capabilities of SAP's ABAP Platform.

The ABAP Platform provides the following:

- The middle tier of the SAP 3-tiered landscape, with access to the presentation layer and the database layer

- A scalable server, supporting application logic execution

- Supported on a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems

- A platform for application processing, monitoring, troubleshooting, and optimization tools

- For customization of SAP applications by customers and third-party partners

- Support for ABAP – SAP’s proprietary, fourth-generation programming language

- A repository for storing SAP-developed code and custom code

- Design, development, testing, and implementation tools for the entire application life cycle

- Version control and transport tools for source code management and distribution

Provides application layer security for SAP ABAP applications

Performs user id authentication

Controls access to application functions and data

- ABAP can function as a reporting language for both SAP-delivered reports and custom reports

- ABAP has the ability to access application tables, process data, compute results, and format output for application reporting

- Application data can also be analyzed using other SAP and third-party reporting and analytic tools

Evolution of ABAP Platform

ABAP Platform was formerly known as NetWeaver. NetWeaver AS ABAP is a traditional application server that provides a comprehensive environment for developing and running ABAP-based applications. It includes a variety of tools and services for building and managing business applications, such as the ABAP Workbench and the Application Server Infrastructure.

NetWeaver AS ABAP and NetWeaver AS Java are still supported for some SAP applications. However, newer SAP products such as SAP S/4HANA and BW/4HANA only run on ABAP Platform.

• SAP system kernel releases 7.52 and below are still referred to as NetWeaver.
• Any release after that is referred to as ABAP Platform.

ABAP Platform is an updated and modernized version of the NetWeaver AS ABAP. It includes all the features and capabilities of the traditional application server, but with significant improvements in terms of performance, scalability, and flexibility. The platform is designed to support the development of cloud-native applications and microservices, making it more suitable for modern and agile development practices.

One of the key improvements in ABAP Platform is the introduction of new programming models and development tools, such as the Advanced Business Application Programming (ABAP) RESTful Application Programming Model (RAP), which allows developers to build and consume RESTful services in ABAP. Additionally, ABAP Platform provides enhanced support for integration with non-ABAP systems, as well as improved capabilities for extending and customizing applications.

Other differences between NetWeaver AS ABAP and ABAP Platform include the following:

• Operating system support is limited to Windows, Linux, and AIX
• The only supported database is SAP HANA
• Support for new programming models for ABAP and Fiori
• Enhanced administration features improving maintenance, memory management, connectivity, and user management

Not all SAP applications use ABAP Platform. Applications that were acquired by SAP may use other tools, such as Apache Tomcat, and other programming languages.

You can now explain the functions of the application layer and the ABAP platform.

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Demystifying SAP R/3 Architecture like a Pro

• riazul-islam
• September 2, 2024

Table of Contents

Understanding SAP R/3 architecture may seem complicated for anyone new to enterprise software. But fear not! In this detailed yet friendly guide, I‘ll break down the key elements in simple terms with practical real-world insights.

Let‘s get started and equip you to navigate critical SAP infrastructure decisions confidently based on architecture.

A 30,000 Foot View

First, what exactly is SAP R/3 architecture?

In essence, it‘s the blueprint for how the myriad components, layers and interfaces come together to enable the signature automation and productivity SAP delivers.

At the highest level, SAP follows a 3-tier architecture:

Presentation Layer: This front-end interface handles interactions between users and the system via SAP GUI or web browser.

Application Layer: Where business logic resides. Application servers power the computational heart.

Database Layer: For storing and managing data, the lifeblood of SAP processes.

This separation of concerns provides stability, flexibility and scalability. You can easily add new apps without disrupting others or swap databases based on evolving needs.

Now let‘s dive deeper into each element focusing on how they benefit you.

Presentation Layer – Where It All Starts

The presentation layer is your window into the sophisticated SAP backend. It faithfully translates your inputs and desired outputs into an intuitive format.

The primarily components here include:

SAP GUI: The standard graphical interface for interacting with SAP. It provides a clean responsive UI and runs on various desktops and mobile devices. So your teams can work seamlessly across platforms. Behind the scenes, it handles communication with application servers via SAP proprietary protocols.

Web Browser: For more lightweight access focused on information and transactions, SAP also allows web UIs usable from any browser. This opens up flexibility for casual users or external stakeholders to tap insights without installing full desktop clients.

Front-End Software: Special SAP software on client devices allowing them to communicate with back-end application servers. This enables real-time information flows and responsive UIs.

Here is an example to illustrate the end-user experience:

Jen opens her laptop, logs into SAP GUI and enters a sales order for a new customer. She easily navigates between order entry forms, inventory lookup and shipping screens via clicks and tabs. Just like that she fulfilled an order via complex background workflows without IT skills or coding!

Now imagine smart workflows like this across your entire business orchestrated through intuitive interfaces – the hallmark SAP experience!

Application Layer – Where The Magic Happens!

Business logic and processes lie at the core of SAP‘s success. The application layer houses these capabilities in specialized servers with different roles. This allows enormous processing capacities while keeping complexity behind the scenes.

Here are the key components driving this:

Application Servers: These are the workhorses executing technical workflows triggered by business transactions. Key functions include:

• Managing memory
• Queue processing
• User authentication
• Communicating with other layers

According to 2022 research by PeerSpot, midsize SAP installations have 5-6 application servers while large multi-national ones can utilize 50+!

By balancing work across parallel servers, workload spikes can be managed gracefully. This is vital for business continuity.

Message Server: As the central nervous system, this coordinates communication between distributed application servers and components. It also:

• Balances loads based on availability
• Routes requests optimally
• Cluster management

With the message server, adding/removing application servers doesn‘t impact others – fantastic for agility and scalability!

Gateway: This acts as the interpreter between SAP ecosystem and external systems using standard protocols. This enables integration for data or process flows with partners.

Let‘s see an example business scenario:

Acme Corporation uses the gateway server for EDI data exchange with supply chain partners. When new inventory orders arrive via the gateway, application servers automatically trigger workflows to update demand forecasts, production planning and logistics based on business rules!

This shows the specialized roles servers play in enabling automation and productivity!

Database Layer – Where Data Meets Value

The database layer spearheads data management spanning storage, organization and distribution. By separating data capabilities from process logic, it provides tremendous flexibility to adjust data schemes without application disruptions.

Here are the key aspects:

DBMS: Special database software for standardizing data structures, security rules, access protocols etc. This simplifies application development and integration.

Leading options like SAP HANA have enterprise-grade capabilities:

Database Server: Hardware resources like CPU, memory and disks allocated to host the database instance. Sizing for bandwidth, users and data volumes is vital for optimal speed.

Let‘s see this in action through an example:

A globally diversified conglomerate uses HANA for harmonizing product data across regions. Various SAP instances access this via database gateways while external analytics tools tap it via virtual tables. Underlying infrastructure manages routine data loads seamlessly through pre-set schedules.

This demonstrates the data accessibility and flexibility possible.

Now that we‘ve covered the core SAP architecture, how does it fare compared to alternatives from vendors like Oracle?

SAP Architecture Versus Oracle eBusiness Suite

Oracle is a close competitor offering a similar ERP business suite. Evaluating architectural contrasts helps showcase SAP‘s strengths sharply.

Thus SAP technology architecture offers greater flexibility, integration capabilities and database innovations – key advantages!

Now over to you – what feature seems most valuable for your IT environment?

Key Takeaways

We‘ve covered a lot of ground discussing SAP‘s layered building blocks! Here are the key lessons on architecture:

• Three tier separation between presentation, application and database offers stability and flexibility
• Specialized servers like message, gateway and central services enable scale and continuity
• Database innovations provide analytics and performance gains
• Compared to Oracle, SAP shines for extensibility, hardware abstraction and cloud offerings

These technical aspects directly empower an enterprise rely on SAP to fuel phenomenal productivity. Hope you feel better equipped to discuss architectural nuances and map solutions to business needs!

What aspect seems most interesting for future exploration? What use case would you most like to implement leveraging these capabilities? Look forward to tailoring more insights for you!

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In this topic, we described about the below sections -

• Kernel and Basis Services
• ABAP Workbench
• Presentation Components
• Presentation layer
• Application layer
• Database layer
• RFC Interface
• Internet Communication Manager (ICM)
• ABAP Channels

What are the views of R/3 System?

The R/3 system is the platform for all other applications in the R/3 System. In R/3, R stands for Real-time and 3 stands for 3-tier architecture. The R/3 System can have different set of views in different prospects. The main views among them are -

• Logical view
• Software Oriented View

What is the logical view of R/3 System?

The below diagram represents the logical view of the R/3 system -

The difference between “logical view” and "hardware or software-based view” is, not all the above components assigned to a specific hardware or software unit. The above diagram explains how the R/3 basis system constructs a central platform within the R/3 System. The tasks of three logical components tasks of the R/3 Basis system are described below -

Kernel and Basis Services –

The kernel and basis services is a runtime environment for all R/3 applications (i.e. hardware, operating system, and database specific). The runtime environment is mainly written in C and C++. However, some parts are also written in ABAP.

The tasks of the kernel and basis services are - “running applications”, “user and process administration”, “database access”, “communication” and “system monitoring and administration”.

ABAP Workbench –

The ABAP Workbench is a complete development environment for applications in the ABAP language. We can create, edit, test, and manage application developments using workbench. Workbench is itself written in ABAP and is fully integrated in the R/3 system.

Presentation Components –

The presentation components are responsible for the interaction between the R/3 System and the user.

What is Software Oriented View of R/3 system?

The software-oriented view specifies the different software components (i.e. all the SAPgui components and application servers) that produce R/3 system. The below diagram represents a software-oriented view of the R/3 System.

SAP R/3 system is a multi-tier client-server architecture. The SAP R/3 architecture is basically divided into three layers and those are -

Presentation layer –

Presentation layer is an interface between the R/3 system and its end-users. Presentation layer is a distributed to the workstations of end users. The end users can be client or customer or individual users.

Presentation layer receives the data from the input devices and sends it to the application layer (server) to process the data. And, responsible to receive the processed data from the application layer and sends the same to the devices where the result requires to display.

The data or input can be entered by using the input devices. The input devices can be browsers, mobile devices, font-end GUI systems and so on.

The presentation layer is normally distributed across several presentation servers. The presentation layer analyzes user inputs and transfers these to the application layer.

Application layer –

The application layer is an intermediate layer. This layer process the inputs from the presentation layer and one messaging server. The application layer is implemented using application servers. Application server(s) can be one or multiple. Each Application server can contain either one or multiple services to run an R/3 system.

It communicates to the database layer with the input received from the presentation layer, processes input and sends the results back to the presentation layer. The application layer contains the ABAP runtime environment where the ABAP programs are executed.

All the services are distributed to the more than one application server. Messaging server contains the information about the application groups and load balancing information. Messaging server is responsible for the communication between the existing application servers.

Messaging server is responsible for -

• Passes the requests from one application server to another.
• Assigns appropriate application server when users logged in.

Database layer –

Database layer is layer contains the central database system of all the data in R/3 system. Normally, this database layer installs on the different server due to the security, performance and processing issues.

This layer is responsible for processing the requests from the application layer and sends back the required information. In general, either SQL or ORACLE servers can be used.

All R/3 data stores in the database. Database layer contains two components -

• Database Management Systems

The communication flow happens from the presentation layer to database layer and vice versa. Technical distribution of the system is independent of the layers. I.e., All the three layers can be installed on the same machine or can be installed on different individual machines.

What are the external communication components of R/3 system?

These three layers are coming up with the following communication components -

RFC Interface –

This is the traditional functional interface of ABAP. A remote function call is a call of a function in other system that is different from the calling program running system. Calls are possible between different ABAP systems or between an ABAP system and an external system. On ABAP, the functions are implemented in function modules.

Internet Communication Manager (ICM) –

ICM is a process of ABAP that allows ABAP to communicate directly with the Internet using HTTP/HTTPS/SMTP. ICM is used to connect Web-based components such as SAPUI5, Web Dynpro ABAP, and BSP. ICM allows an ABAP to be used both as a client and as a server for Web services. ICM is accessed within ABAP programs using the classes and interfaces of Internet Communication Framework (ICF).

ABAP Channels –

ABAP Channels are a framework for event-based communication between application servers and the Internet. ABAP Messaging Channels (AMC) are used to exchange messages between ABAP programs on different application servers. ABAP Push Channels (APC), allow two-way communication between ABAP and the Internet using the WebSocket or TCP socket protocol.