research paper on bangladesh economy

Development Research Center

OUR RESEARCH

“Identifying a sector with a scope of large employment is appealing from poverty reduction point of view. But, if wrongly targeted, it might have worse consequences.”

Mohammad A. Razzaque, Economic Advisor, Commonwealth Secretariat  In: Dynamic Products in South-South Trade: Issues for Policy Makers (16 October 2007)

Bangladesh's Development Strategy

Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of some alternative development strategies.

Makes suggestions on the optimal mix of alternative development strategies.

Our Working Paper Series

The BDRWPS is a peer-reviewed working paper series of the Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC)

Aid & Debt

Analyzes the implications of alternative sources and levels of development finance and their implications on debt sustainability and sustainable development in Bangladesh.

Climate Change

Includes four areas/topics:

climate change adaptation policies,

climate change vulnerability,

the impact of development on CO2 emissions, and

an annotated bibliography on climate change.

BDRC Research: Aid and Debt

Outputs (in reverse chronological order):  

Concessional Financing for Development in Bangladesh, Journal of Bangladesh Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1 (published in October 2019), pp. 51–65 (with M. Faizul Islam and Farah Tasneem).

"Aid, Debt, and Development in Bangladesh: Synergies or Contradictions", published in: Munir Quddus and Farida Khan (eds.) Bangladesh Economy in the 21st Century: Selected Papers from the 2008-09 Conferences at Harvard University (Dhaka: University Press Ltd., 2011), Chapter 10 (by Bernhard G. Gunter, A. F. M. Ataur Rahman, and Jesmin Rahman).

“Aid, Debt, and Development in Bangladesh: Synergies or Contradictions" published in Journal of Bangladesh Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2010), pp. 23-43 (by Bernhard G. Gunter; A. F. M. Ataur Rahman; and Jesmin Rahman).

Arti c le in The Daily Star (one of Bangladesh's leading English newspapers)  on August 26, 2008

Presentation (pdf)  and  Summary (pdf)  of UNDP's Policy Dialogue Nr. 38, made on August 19, 2008 at UNDP Bangladesh in Dhaka .

Research paper authored jointly by Bernhard G. Gunter; A. F. M. Ataur Rahman; and Jesmin Rahman on "Aid, Debt, and Development in Bangladesh: Synergies or Contradictions",  P resentation  made by Dr. Bernhard Gunter at the Conference on  "Bangladesh in the 21st Century"  at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (June 13-14, 2008) on aid, debt and development.

Research paper authored jointly by Bernhard G. Gunter and A. F. M. Ataur Rahman on "Analyzing Bangladesh’s Debt Sustainability Using SimSIP Debt", published as  Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series (BDRWPS) , No. 2 (June).

BDRC Feature: Bangladesh deserves more aid (June 2008)

See also:  

Gunter, Bernhard G.; Jesmin Rahman; and Haiyan Shi (2009) "Linking Social Development with the Capacity to Carry Debt: Towards an MDG-Consistent Debt-Sustainability Concept", Development Policy Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 (May), pp. 26-286.

Gunter, Bernhard G.; Jesmin Rahman; and Quentin Wodon (2008) "Robbing Peter to Pay Paul? Understanding Who Pays for Debt Relief", World Development, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 2008), pp. 1-16.

Gunter, Bernhard G. (2007) “MDG-Consistent Debt Sustainability: How to Ease the Tension between Achieving the MDGs and Maintaining Debt Sustainability”, Discussion Paper commissioned for a joint UNDESA/UNDP roundtable in New York (October 31, 2006; revised version of January 2007); available at:  http: //www.undp.org/poverty/docs/debtflow/Debt-3-Gunter.pdf .

Jeffrey Sachs, Jeffrey; John McArthur; Guido Schmidt-Traub; Chandrika Bahadur; Michael Faye; and Margaret Kruk (2004) Millennium Development Goals Needs Assessments: Country Case Studies of Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda; UN Millennium Project Working Paper (Draft of 17 January 2004) availalbe at:  http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/mp_ccspaper_jan1704.pdf .

Source: Figure 1 of Gunter, Bernhard G.; A. F. M. Ataur Rahman; and Jesmin Rahman (2008) "Aid, Debt, and Development in Bangladesh: Synergies or Contradictions", Paper presented at the Conference on "Bangladesh in the 21st Century" at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (June 13-14);  p lease click here to load the whole presentation (pdf) .

I. International Planning Workshop on:

Conceptualizing Effective and Efficient Adaptation Policies to Climate Change in Bangladesh Building on current climate change research and recognizing the excellent work that has been undertaken in this regards, four research organizations [the  BCAS , the  BDRC , the  IIED , and the  Millennium Institute  (MI)  ] had agreed to jointly organize an International Planning Workshop to draw up a research program for conceptualizing effective and efficient adaptation policies to climate change in Bangladesh. Thanks to the generous support by the  Rockefeller Foundation , this three-day workshop was held at the  Rockefeller  Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference  Center  from May 20-22, 2008.

For further details about the workshop, please see:

Workshop Proceedings  (as of June 18, 2008)    

Workshop Summary  (as of May 10, 2008)

Workshop Details  (as of May 10, 2008)

Workshop Agenda  ( final )

Presentations made on Day 1:

Climate Change in the Context of Global and Local Policies and Governance

     Shireen Kamal Sayeed, Assistant Country Director, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Bangladesh  

Current Climate Change Adaptation Research in Bangladesh

     Mozaharul Alam, Research Fellow, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)  

The Bangladesh Climate Change Literature: Lessons & Gaps

     Bernhard G. Gunter, President, Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC)  

Bangladesh, Climate Change, and T21

     John D. Shilling, Chairman, Board of Trustees, MI

II. How Vulnerable are Bangladesh’s Indigenous People to Climate Change?  

Abstract:  This paper compares the vulnerabilities to climate change and climate variability of the indigenous people with the Bengali population of Bangladesh. It distinguishes between (a) individual vulnerabilities that are related to an individual’s capability to adapt to climate change and; (b) spatial vulnerabilities, that is, vulnerabilities that are related to the location of a person (like the exposure to climate change-induced disasters). While an individual’s capability to adapt to climate change is determined by many factors, some relatively simple approximation is to look at poverty, landlessness, and illiteracy. Spatial vulnerabilities are reviewed by looking at drought hazard maps, flood hazard maps, landslide hazard maps, and cyclone hazard maps. Hence, the paper compares levels of poverty, landlessness, illiteracy, and the more direct though also more subjective exposures to increased droughts, floods, landslides, and cyclones across the two population groups. The paper concludes with suggestions for adaptation strategies of indigenous people as well as suggestions for policy interventions to reduce climate change-induced vulnerabilities for indigenous people. Revised Paper available at: i)         Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series ii)        Social Science Research Network (SSRN) iii)       RePEc (Research Papers in Economics)     

III. The Impact of Development and Growth on CO2 Emissions:

A Case Study for Bangladesh until 2050 A new study by Bernhard G. Gunter and A. Atiq Rahman uses the example of Bangladesh to illustrate the impact of low-income countries’ economic growth on global CO2 emissions in 2050 by using a set of alternative assumptions for GDP growth and improvements in energy efficiency. The study was presented at the 5th bi-annual conference of the United States Society for Ecological Economics (USSEE) in Washington, DC, on June 1, 2009. Please click  here to see the presentation (pdf) .   Please click here for the paper (pdf).

IV. Bangladesh and the Copenhagen Accord:

How Much Carbon Dioxide Might Bangladesh Emit in 2050? This study, published in Environmental Economics. Vol. 3, No. 1 (2012) builds on previous research by Bernhard G. Gunter (American University and BDRC) and A. Atiq Rahman (BCAS). Using a projection period until 2050, it shows that Bangladesh’s emission would surpass a simple equity-based per capita emission limit consistent with the Copenhagen Accord if there are no changes in Bangladesh’s carbon intensity and no gains in its energy efficiency, but that Bangladesh would stay below such a limit with some feasible improvements in energy efficiency. This paper is freely available at:  the website of  Environmental Economics  (pdf) .

 V. Climate Change and Bangladesh - Annotated Bibliography  

Last time updated on January 5, 2010.

Previous versions published on:

May 19, 2009

January 15, 2009

November 27, 2008

October 27, 2008

Jointly with Bangladesh’s Climate Change Cell, the BDRC provides a comprehensive

Climate Change and Bangladesh -  Annotated Bibliography (pdf)  

which contains information on 406 publications addressing climate change in Bangladesh.

This publication also contains the names of and links to some 70 website resources, structured into four sections:   (a) main international organizations working on climate change; (b) research centers/institutes that focus on climate change; (c) websites of networks and/or websites with specific tools, projects, etc.; and (d) climate change related newsletters specifically on Bangladesh. Please note that this publication is provided only electronically as: (i) it contains more than 300 hyperlinks/website addresses which provide readers further information, (ii) the electronic version allows readers to search the contents, and (iii) it is planned to be updated frequently.

VI. Other Information on Climate Change  

1. Key Action-Related Documents:

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (of November 2005) (pdf)

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008 (of September 2008) (pdf)

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009 (of September 2009) (pdf)

2. Other climate change conference websites (in reverse chronological order):   

COP15 - United Nations Climate Change Conference Copenhagen, Denmark (November 30 - December 11, 2009) World Climate Conference-3 Geneva, Switzerland (August 31 - September 4, 2009) 3rd International Conference on Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change (pdf) Dhaka, Bangladesh (February 22-26, 2009) A presentation on “The Case of the Ganges Brahmaputra Delta” was held on February 11, 2009 at the Second World Forum on Delta & Coastal Development (Aquaterra 2009) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. For further information, please see:  http://www.aquaterraforum.com/aquaterra2009/e/exp_overig152 Climate Change and Urban Poverty - Infrastructures of Development Dhaka: BRAC Centre Auditorium (28. January 2009) United Nations Climate Change Conference Poznań, Poland (December 1-12, 2008) International Symposium on Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia Dhaka, Bangladesh (August 25-29, 2008) OneWorld South Asia’s Seventh Annual Regional Meeting on the theme “Climate Justice for Realisation of the MDGs: Southern Perspectives and Voices” New Delhi, India (February 8-9, 2008) 3. Other interesting website resources: OneWorld  Climate Change in Bangladesh Briefing This briefing paper summarizes the key issues related to effects, adaptation, finance, and electricity access. It also includes various videos. Last updated by OneWorld in March 2011.   Kazipur, Sirajganj,  Bangladesh [by Doreen Marie Indra and Norman Buchignani; undated] An anthropological and photographic exploration of riverbank erosion and flood in rural Bangladesh Bangladesh—Eco Symbol? [by Sebastian Strangio; May 28, 2010] Often derided as a basket case, Bangladesh might just have a thing or two to show the world about tackling climate change. Bangladesh’s Solar Powered Floating Schools [BDRC Task; June 20,  2011] Some resources related to Bangladesh’s innovative way to adapt to climate change with solar powered floating schools.

BDRC Research: Bangladesh's Development Strategies

Abstract:  While poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) need to remain to be the center of Bangladesh’s development strategy, there are suggestions to broaden the agenda towards a more forward-looking development and employment strategy. For example, it has been suggested that information technology could be Bangladesh’s superhighway to prosperity. Others consider agribusiness (for the domestic and foreign sectors) of being able to provide the amount of employment needed for Bangladesh’s growing population. Still others concentrate on intensifying export promotion polices. This research project will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of some alternative development strategies as well as make suggestions on the optimal mix of alternative development strategies.

Related background:  In 1983, the jute mills of the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC) exported 71,841 tons of jute carpets and earned Taka 1.89 billion, providing the life line for millions of Bangladeshis. Today, most of Bangladesh's jute carpet factories are closed down, partly due to the emergence of synthetic fiber (polypropylene). Yet, in view of the cotton price rise over the last few years, a few textile producers have been using jute yarn to produce denim. Bangladesh may emerge as a major denim producer in the world as -- being a front ranking jute producing country -- it has an edge over others. Indeed, according to the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), export of jute yarn grew 42 per cent to Taka 10.28 billion in 2004-05 fiscal and 12.5 per cent to Taka 11.57 billion in 2005-06.

Please see also the BDRC's task on: Jute-Bangladesh's Golden Fiber of the Past, also of the Future?

The first output related to this research project is a paper by Dr. Jahan, Dr. Gunter, and Dr. Rahman, who show how substituting wood with nonwood fibers in papermaking in Bangladesh implies a win-win solution for Bangladesh as it reduces the large import of pulp and paper as well as creates employment in the agricultural and industrial sectors of Bangladesh. For further details, please see the fourth paper in the BDRC's  Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper  Series (BDRWPS) .

The second output related to this research project is a follow-up paper by Dr. Gunter, Dr. Jahan, and Dr. Rahman. The follow-up paper looks beyond the availability and suitability of jute for papermaking. It analyzes the economic viability of jute pulp, the main implications for Bangladesh’s economy as well as some developmental and environmental implications. The second paper was presented by Dr. Gunter at the Conference on “Ideas and Innovations for the Development of Bangladesh: The Next Decade”, held on October 9-10, 2009 at the JFK School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Please click  here for the summary presentation  of the paper. The full paper is published in Munir Quddus and Farida Khan (eds.) Bangladesh Economy in the 21st Century: Selected Papers from the 2008-09 Conferences at Harvard University (Dhaka: University Press Ltd., 2011), Chapter 4.

Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper Series (BDRWPS)

The BDRWPS is a peer-reviewed working paper series of the Bangladesh Development Research Center (BDRC) Editor: Bernhard G. Gunter (American University and BDRC)

General  Information about this Working Paper Series

For Prospective Authors: Please read  Information for Contributors  (pdf)   before submitting any paper for this Working Paper Series.

List of Bangladesh Development Research Working Papers (in reverse chronological order; provided as pdf files)

BDRWPS No. 34 (February 2018) Stealing Shahbag: A Re-legitimization of Islamism in the Aftermath of a Secularist Social Movement by Anupam D. Roy Also available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3116349 http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/34.html BDRWPS No. 33 (September 2017) Free Falling Terms of Trade Despite Industrialization: The Case of Bangladesh by Bernhard G. Gunter and Valeria Vargas Sejas Also available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3053657 http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/33.html BDRWPS No. 32 (November 2016) The Macroeconomic Impact of Foreign Aid in Bangladesh Before and After the Paris Declaration by Nuzat Tasnim Dristy Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2869139   

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/32.html

BDRWPS No. 31 (September 2016) Unhappily Ever After: An Analysis of Child Marriages in Bangladesh and Niger by Samantha Morrow Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2843053

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/31.html

BDRWPS No. 30 (March 2016) Impact of Shifting Cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh on the Growth of Microbial Organisms by Shafat Hosen, Ohidul Alam and S. M. Sirajul Haque Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2746105

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/30.html

BDRWPS No. 29 (December 2015) Status of Industrial Noise Levels and Impact on Workers’ Health:  A Case Study of Kalurghat Heavy Industrial Area in Bangladesh by Kamrul Islam and Sahadeb Chandra Majumder Also available at:

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/29.html

BDRWPS No. 28 (November 2015) A Rights-based Assessment (RBA) of Bangladesh’s National Budget 2014-15 by Emraan Azad, Mahmudul Hasan, and Muhammad Mahdy Hassan Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2692835

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/28.html

BDRWPS No. 27 (September 2015) Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene in Bangladesh: An Investigation of Lohagara Upazila by Tawhidul Islam, Ohidul Alam, and Khaled Misbahuzzaman Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2656086

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/27.html

BDRWPS No. 26 (April 2015) Impact of ICT on Health Services in Bangladesh: A Study on Hobiganj Adhunik Zila Sadar Hospital by Fatema Khatun and Mst. Rokshana Khanam Sima Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2591201

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/26.html

BDRWPS No. 25 (January 2015) Ensuring Accountability and Transparency at Local Level Finance:   A Study from Sylhet Sadar Upazila by Md. Anwar Hossain Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2545151

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/25.html

BDRWPS No. 24 (November 2014) Kinship and Marriage System among the Khasis of Bangladesh: A Study of Khasi Culture and Identity by Rajmoni Singha Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2519078

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/24.html

BDRWPS No. 23 (September 2014) Women’s Empowerment in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Two NGOs by Mohammad Samiul Islam Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2502890

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/23.html

BDRWPS No. 22 (June 2014) The Bangladeshi Agarwood Industry: Development Barriers and a Potential Way Forward by Md. Joynal Abdin Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2460345

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/22.html

BDRWPS No. 21 (January 2014) Priority Areas for Bangladesh’s Further Development: Inequality, Employment, and Poverty by Rubena Sukaj Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2381633

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/21.html

BDRWPS No. 20 (January 2014) Economic Structure and Macroeconomic Uncertainty: Policy Implications for Bangladesh by Bernhard G. Gunter, Faisal Ahmed, A. F. M. Ataur Rahman and Jesmin Rahman Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2377006

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/20.html

BDRWPS No. 19 (January 2014) Relationship between Remittances and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: An Econometric Study by Kanchan Datta and Bimal Sarkar Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2375991

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/19.html

BDRWPS No. 18 (September 2013) Women’s Empowerment as a Result of Microcredit Loans in Bangladesh? by Lex Loro Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2322785

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/18.html

BDRWPS No. 17 (May 2013) Reasonable Wages for Workers to Eliminate Unrest in Bangladesh's Ready-made Garments (RMG) Sector by Mohammad Ismail Bhuiyan Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2271118

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/17.html

BDRWPS No. 16 (January 2013) Consequences of Climate Change and Gender Vulnerability: Bangladesh Perspective by Zayeda Sharmin and Mohammad Samiul Islam Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2200116

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/16.html

BDRWPS No. 15 (July 2012) Why Highly Educated Women Face Potential Poverty: A Case Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh by Syeda Umme Jakera Malik Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=2114700

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/15.html

BDRWPS No. 14 (January 2012) Urban Local Government and Environmental Management in Bangladesh: A Study on Chunarughat Paurashava by Mohammad Shahjahan Chowdhury and Purnendu Deb Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1989936

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/14.html

BDRWPS No. 13 (December 2011): Expectations, Realities and Coping Strategies of Elderly Women in a Village of Bangladesh by Tamima Sultana Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1967283

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/13.html

BDRWPS No. 12 (July 2011): Socio-Economic Impact of Women Entrepreneurship in Sylhet City, Bangladesh by Chowdhury Abdullah Al-Hossienie Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1890681

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/12.html

BDRWPS No. 11 (December 2010): Needs Hierarchy, Motivational Factors and Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh by Mostofa Haque Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1721232

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/11.html

BDRWPS No. 10 (November 2010): The Impact of Development on CO2 Emissions: A Case Study for Bangladesh until 2050 by Bernhard G. Gunter Also available at:

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1721229

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/10.html

BDRWPS No. 9 (October 2009): Bt Brinjal: Introducing Genetically Modified Brinjal (Eggplant/Aubergine) in Bangladesh by Mst. Meherunnahar and D. N. R. Paul Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1482803

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/9.html

BDRWPS No. 8 (July 2009): Physical and Psychological Implications of Risky Child Labor: A Study in Sylhet City, Bangladesh by Mohammad Nashir Uddin, Mohammad Hamiduzzaman, and Bernhard G. Gunter Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1428206

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/8.html

BDRWPS No. 7 (June 2009): People’s Participation in Health Services: A Study of Bangladesh’s Rural Health Complex by Mohammad Shafiqul Islam and Mohammad Woli Ullah Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1412874

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/7.html      

BDRWPS No. 6 (May 2009): An Analysis of SAFTA in the Context of Bangladesh by Md. Joynal Abdin Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1404609

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/6.html   

BDRWPS No. 5 (May 2009): Critical Factors of Women Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Bangladesh by Faraha Nawaz Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1403411

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/ 5 .html

BDRWPS No. 4 (January 2009): Substituting Wood with Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking: A Win-Win Solution for Bangladesh by M. Sarwar Jahan, Bernhard G. Gunter, and A. F. M. Ataur Rahman Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1322292

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/4.html

BDRWPS No. 3 (December 2008): Mineral Extraction in Bangladesh: Some Fundamental Reform Suggestions by Bernhard G. Gunter Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1313187

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/3.html

BDRWPS No. 2 (June 2008): Analyzing Bangladesh’s Debt Sustainability Using SimSIP Debt by Bernhard G. Gunter and A. F. M. Ataur Rahman Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1159216

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/2.html

BDRWPS No. 1 (April 2008): How Vulnerable are Bangladesh's Indigenous People to Climate Change? by Bernhard G. Gunter, Atiq Rahman, and A. F. M. Ataur Rahman Also available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1126441

http://ideas.repec.org/p/bnr/wpaper/1.html